I had exactly the same symptoms you describe last year and saw an orthopedic surgeon and got referred to PT. Some of the PT's exercises made it better and some made it worse, so I quit going to PT and experimented on my own and found my way to healthy shoulders. I think what was happening in my case was that tight muscles in the back of my shoulder plus weak rotator cuff muscles were allowing impingement to happen in the front of my shoulder, leading to clicking and pain as my biceps and supraspinatus tendons rubbed against bone when I tried to do anything overhead.
Here's what helped me. Your shoulders are of course different and your mileage may vary but I hope you find something helpful:
1. posterior capsule stretches and the sleeper stretch.
2. thoracic mobility on the foam roller.
3. deadlifts. Hanging 150+ lbs off my arms apparently stretched something that needed stretching in my shoulders or upper back.
4. Turkish get-ups. I first did these with 5 lbs, 2 sets of 5 reps each side. During the following two days my shoulders made a huge improvement and within a few weeks I gave up all those other rehab exercises. Lately I've been doing 3 sets of 3 and am up to 40 pounds, and as a side effect, have abs of steel. Keep your shoulders active when you do them--press the upper one up into the weight and the lower one down towards the floor.
5. overhead pressing using the form described in "Starting Strength" by Mark Rippetoe. I started really light (ankle weights on a broomstick), added 2 pounds or less to the "bar" each workout, and didn't do them if I felt the click. Usually stretching or tennis ball rolling between sets would help me avoid the click. By the time I worked my way up to the 45lb bar, the click was gone.
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